Thursday, August 27, 2020

Native North Americans Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group Free Essays

One regularly ponders where the Native North Americans started from. A few speculations have been examined about the peopling of the Americas. Early hypotheses including lost clans and landmasses depended simply on theory rather than real logical realities. We will compose a custom exposition test on Local North Americans: Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Revelations made during numerous archeological campaigns have helped shape the continually changing understandings by including more inquiries and more speculations. There have been hereditary and etymological investigations which raised all the more understanding and brought new inquiries. It is conjectured that during the last piece of the Cenozoic period, otherwise called the time of warm blooded creatures that the Wisconsin glaciation caused enough of the planet’s water gracefully to transform into ice. This brought down the seas and uncovered currently lowered land. This occasion made a stretch of land that the huge warm blooded creatures of the Ice Age time, alongside the locals of that time, could have moved over the recently framed land connect, which presently associated two mainlands. This land connect is known as the Bering Strait, or Beringia. During the time that Beringia existed, the Wisconsin ice sheets in all probability restricted relocation to any southern or eastern locales. Another hypothesis recommends that the early locals may have possessed the now Alaskan area since it was without ice because of low precipitation. A few melts over some stretch of time made paths, and proof from archeological site infers that there was a sans ice hall for a great many years. It was during another soften around ten thousand years back, that a subsequent hallway was in all likelihood framed farther east along the fringes of Saskatchewan and Canada fields. This focuses to the likelihood that the old individuals could have voyage eastbound along the waterways in the Great Plains, and down further south. The Indians referred to history as the Sioux are otherwise called Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota, which means partners. This is my legacy. I am an individual from the biggest division of Siouan family, also called Sioux. The name is from a term given to the biggest and notable of the innate gatherings. At once, my kin extended from the west banks of the Mississippi northward from Arkansas and the Rocky Mountains. The Dakotas likewise possessed region east of the waterway up to Wisconsin and Missouri. They were here to experience DeSoto on his excursion in 1541, when he arrived at the Indian towns in what is presently eastern Arkansas. An additional hundred years went before any notice of Sioux existing, when in 1658 some Jesuit ministers knew about the presence of around thirty Dakota towns only north of a Potawatomi strategic. This was situated at about the head of Green Bay, Wisconsin, in St. Michael. It was during the center 1600’s when the Sioux, alongside the Arapaho and Cheyenne needed to relocate further westbound towards the Great Plains what exactly is known as North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota. This relocation was essentially because of the O jibwa and Chippewa clans pushing them out of the Great Lakes area. The Ojibwa and Chippewa had been pushed out of their own property that had been further east, by the European pilgrims of that time. In 1805 Lewis and Clark went through the focal point of this district and reached the Sioux clans. After this occurred, a few additional undertakings brought brokers that settled among the clans, and throughout some time, changeless pilgrims showed up. This made the region so little that in the end the individuals of my clan had to live in Indian Territories or kept to Nebraska, the Dakotas, or Montana. This welcomed on a progression of strikes and counter attacks that kept going from about 1850 through 1890 and were known as the Sioux Wars. In the main long periods of the twentieth century, the Dakotas otherwise called Tetons started the way toward adjusting to their better approach forever. They despite everything had solid confidence in their own conventions, yet understood that the old way was gone for eternity. Various changes with the economy and legislative issues were constrained on my kin by the legislature. The individuals strived to set up a life for themselves that utilized both new changes, yet at the same time stayed consistent with their qualities and convictions. During the remainder of the twentieth century, the entirety of the bookings for the Dakotas, Lakotas, and Tetons lost more land because of possession passes and legacies. Division between rustic occupants and individuals who live around have become greater. Rustic occupants will in general hold their utilization of local language, and be engaged with social occasions, when townspeople adjust different parts of the American culture. A large portion of the Sioux country and different gatherings of American Indians live in South Dakota, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and North Dakota at present time on privatized land made by the legislature numerous years prior. Wendy Coghill Step by step instructions to refer to Native North Americans: Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group, Papers

Saturday, August 22, 2020

How Modern Medical Technology is Easing Out Standard Physical Examination Essay

In today’s time-compelled society, clinical specialists are recognizably going to current innovation to pinpoint medical issues of patients. Most new-age specialists who depend a lot on advanced machines in finding out clinical issues looked by their patients delineate a frightening reality: the standard physical assessment stands to be backed out. While science has made conceivable snappier, increasingly advantageous, and non-obtrusive methods of spotting and treating wellbeing issue, being excessively subject to innovation has its downsides. The issue with innovation emerges when specialists race to arrange tests without first playing out a careful physical exam†¦ Doctors might be excessively dependent on tests since they believe in the outcomes; notwithstanding, tests aren’t consistently accurate† (Max, 2009, standard. 6). An apparently better methodology that redounds to persistent advantage is the blend of present day innovation with age-old practices that worked, quite an exhaustive physical assessment †done before tests or conceivable restriction and as a feature of the doctor’s medical clinic adjusts. There are a few elements adding to the destruction or avoidance of the standard physical assessment in present day clinical practice. For one, there is the deficiency of clinical faculty in specific areas. Harried specialists and medical caretakers wind up utilizing measures to boost time. â€Å"Time limitations likewise dishearten playing out a total physical during routine office visits. The oversaw care framework pushes specialists to consider patients to be quickly as possible† (Obel, 2003, standard. 6). The truth of the matter is that the physical assessment â€Å"can be an important guide in choosing which tests to request and telling masters where to focus their efforts† (Obel, 2003, standard. 7). Subsequently, the standard physical assessment can significantly help specialists in precluding certain medical problems, in this way setting aside time and cash on superfluous tests. Nonetheless, new-age specialists neglect these, accepting that utilizing advanced hardware is progressively compelling in arriving at a precise clinical investigation than regular routine practices. In fact, an expert conclusion depending as a matter of first importance on the standard physical assessment seems to have been dislodged by present day gadgets. The drawback is the loss of human contact that most patients may even now like. â€Å"There is an impalpable advantage to the contact managed by the physical exam†¦(it) can go far in setting up and constructing a decent specialist tolerant relationship† (Max, 2009, standard. 11), something which most patients †from the exceptionally youthful to the old †long for. The enthusiastic holding between the medicinal services supplier and the patient is crushed with less time assigned to look at patients. As prepared clinical experts discredit the end of the physical assessment, which â€Å"can be restorative in itself† (Obel, 2003, standard. 35), concerned clinical organizations have actuated endeavors to prepare and retrain clinical understudies on the huge scope of clinical methodologies †including the routine physical assessment. The inexorably significant job of medical attendants, who can accept the essential assignment of reviving the blurring practice of leading an intensive physical assessment and advancing human association, can't be thought little of. Very much prepared attendants who understand the estimation of human association can assume huge job in encouraging improved patient consideration and quicker recuperation. The upsurge in electronic innovation clients is another wonder influencing the destruction of up close and personal collaboration with doctors and the conventional physical assessment. With numerous specialists these days apportioning clinical exhortation online by depending simply on quiet history and depiction of side effects, consequently disposing of the requirement for an exhaustive physical assessment, it turns out to be evident that cutting edge patterns are replacing conventional clinical methodologies. The unpreventable reality is that clinical professionals can't generally thoroughly depend on current innovation alone to find out patient needs. Indeed, even in present day times, there is a need to return to essentials, instill quiet arranged aptitudes among the developing harvest of specialists, and resuscitate traditional clinical methodologies like the physical assessment.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Get Back to Studying Routine (Checklist for College Students)

Get Back to Studying Routine (Checklist for College Students) out of your hair and get yourself into back-to-college mode again. Its that time again. The long days of summer are coming to an end and the fall semester is upon us. Some students have a difficult time leaving the liberty of their summer days behind and getting serious about studying again. Its perfectly natural, but its also time for you to shake the sand If you need some help regaining your focus after the long break, here are some tips for you on how to develop a studying routine: Make a schedule The best way to start getting into a routine is to make a schedule of all of your activities. Whether you write out your schedule by hand and tape it to your wall or use a time management app like rememberthemilk, writing down your commitments helps you remember to keep them. Include things like class schedules, extracurricular activities, sports, clubs, job schedules and important events. By making a schedule, youre also mapping out where there might be conflicts, so you can anticipate them and come up with a solution. Choose your study environment Part of establishing a routine is finding the place where youll study. Some people do great work in public places like cafes or on a park bench. Other people need utter silence and prefer to study in an isolated corner of the library or in their room. Figure out where you work best and carve that space out as yours. If youre tempted to lie down and take a nap if you study in your room, pack up your books and head to the library. Wherever you choose, try to stick to that place. Its a way to trigger your brain into work mode when you sit down at your favorite study spot. in study groups If theres a study group for a course youre struggling in, sign up for it. Exchanging ideas with your peers can help answer questions and clear doubts you have about the material. It can also help you prioritize studying for this course, which is exactly what you should be doing if you find yourself falling behind. Set goals Set your goals for the semester. Not only academic goals, though they should definitely be included on the list, but goals for other activities you participate in. Dont make your list too long. Prioritize and focus. Whats really important to you? Maybe you want to earn a 3.5 this semester. What kind of grades would you need in order to achieve that? Maybe you want to make the Varsity Womens Rowing Team or be elected class president. What steps do you need to take in order to make that happen? Pick 2-3 goals and write them down somewhere youll see them often. Goal-setting gives you direction and purpose in your activities and helps you maintain your focus. Prioritize Dont let yourself become overloaded with activities. A full course load, a part-time job, captain of the basketball team, lead in the play, volunteering for a local tutoring program, etc. Its not always possible to do everything you want to do and when you try doing too many things, you end up short-changing yourself. Choose the most important activities to you and eliminate the rest. If you find yourself with enough free time, then you can start adding more activities to your schedule. Limit social media Social media is the most popular way to procrastinate and the easiest way to waste precious studying time. If you find yourself grabbing your cell phone and checking your messages every time you try to read your Advanced Economics textbook, its time to get your social media habits under control. Consider leaving your cell phone in your room while you go to the library to study so youre not tempted to look at it. Or, if you need to have your phone with you, at least turn off the sound notifications so you won’t check it every time it beeps. Limit the amount of time you allow yourself to check it every day and stick to it. Turn your cell phone off at night and get a good, uninterrupted nights sleep. Get enough sleep Though many college students adopt the adage “You can sleep when youre dead” throughout their college years, sleep deprivation and brain functioning dont go together. In fact, the average adult needs 8-10 hours of sleep in order to achieve optimum brain activity. Lack of focus, tiredness, crankiness are all symptoms of not getting enough sleep. For more information on sleep and how it effects you, read this article. Remember that the point of college is to study and earn a degree. Take it seriously so you can show up to your classes and give your academic life the attention it deserves. Eat well College students are notorious for their poor eating habits. For many students who live on campus, this is their first time away from home and their first experience having to control their diets. Excess caffeine, junk food and alcohol are epidemics on college campuses. The brain is an organ, like any other organ in the body, it functions best when its being fed a healthy diet. Tuna, salmon, walnuts, and blueberries are all considered foods that contribute to healthy brain activity. For a list of healthy food choices, click here. Constant hangovers, sugar highs and upset stomachs can have negative effects on your academic life. Eating a balanced diet can give you the energy you need to complete your workload. Have fun Dont forget to have fun. Working too hard can become counter-productive. If you have a tendency to be a workaholic, its best you start learning this lesson early before you begin your professional career. Take breaks when you need to. And make sure you spend time with your friends and the rest of the campus community. Giving your brain some time to relax will allow you to return to your studying with new energy.

Monday, May 25, 2020

`` Some Thoughts On Mercy `` - 1607 Words

It is no secret that the United States of America has a problem with civil unrest, as that was essentially what the country was founded upon. As a sophisticated young individual living in modern times, one can see how the naà ¯ve public thought that the problems of the past would stay in the past. The only difference is the groups represented in each party. Police, skepticism, and fear are all still prevalent factors in today’s society, just the people being oppressed are not colonists, but minorities living fairly in this country. I personally feel disgusted by the fact that individuals have to live their lives consistently looking behind their backs, but I’m not the only one. Ross Gay, an African-American professor at Indiana University and author of â€Å"Some Thoughts on Mercy†, knows firsthand this feeling of paranoia and a mistrust in law enforcement. After reading his article â€Å"Some Thoughts on Mercy†, I really do believe it boils down to one s imple message. Growing skepticism and fear of the presence of an ever-looming police force is directly affecting the psychological and physical health of minorities who are unjustly racially profiled by law enforcement. Ross Gay conveys this through his own personal accounts, and encounters with law enforcement. Sadly, this is a prevalent issue in the United States, one that should not be overlooked. Now when talking about the psychological or physical health of anyone other than yourself, any piece of information is subjective to theShow MoreRelatedWar Was A Cruel And Dark Life For A Soldier1076 Words   |  5 PagesCommanding General speaking, â€Å"On the hill, Rebels.† â€Å"Captain put some sense into that thick skull of yours and get out there and kill ‘em.† â€Å"Right away sir† Author speaking, â€Å"Okay Ill go up the side with my troops and flank the west end of the army.† â€Å"Charge!† â€Å"Show no mercy.† As I slew my la st death a complication had aroused in my mind. For in the night of the massacre, the thought of my own selfish pride almost swallowed me whole. The thought that I held the choice of life and death in the very palmsRead MoreShould Euthanasia Be Legalized?864 Words   |  4 Pages In the past, there have been practices of mercy killing for incurable animals. If the animals seem impossible to recover their health, a veterinarian is able to help them reach to death. Though there are some people disagreeing with animal mercy killing, most of people agree on it and it is legal. However, when it comes to human, there is a furious controversy over euthanasia. Because there is a sharp conflict on the issue, some countries accept mercy killing lawful while others do not. The mainRead More Merchant of Venice Essay: The True Nature of Venetian Society884 Words   |  4 Pages The idea of mercy is important in The Merchant of Venice because it provides a focus for the contrast between Venetian Christian society and the alien invader, represented by Shylock. Mercy occupies a central position in the trial scene (IV.i.), where the power struggle between aristocratic Venetian society and the threatening force Shylock comes to a climax. My thesis is that the contrast between (and equation of) mercy and revenge in the trial scene reveals the true nature of Venetian societyRead MoreReflection Paper : Mercy And Wisdom952 Words   |  4 PagesReflection Paper: Mercy Wisdom When a person asks me to describe God, there are always two words that come to mind. God is merciful and God is wise. God showed mankind mercy by sending His only Son to die on the cross. The Lord shows us His wisdom in Bible, allowing us to see His knowledge and reason. Each day mankind should work towards being merciful and wise in order to show we are created in the image of God. Part One: Mercy Theological Definition The definition of the word mercy is, â€Å"kind or forgivingRead MoreA Comparison of Blake’s Poems â€Å"the Divine Image† and â€Å"the Human Abstract†1090 Words   |  5 PagesImage† and â€Å"The Human Abstract† William Blake (1757-1827, London) is considered the first of the great English Romantic poets; he was also a master engraver, a printer, and a painter. Blake was not widely known during his life and it wasn’t until some time after his death that his poetic works became widely read. Two of his best-known works â€Å"Songs of Innocence† (SoI) and â€Å"Songs of Experience† (SoE) contain the poems that I will compare here. These collections of poems are companions, but it shouldRead MoreLife Of A Slave Girl By Harriet Ann Jacobs Essay1080 Words   |  5 PagesGwynedd Mercy University is a Catholic University founded and sponsored by the Sisters of Mercy. The Sisters of Mercy commit to serving, advocating for, and praying for those in need all over the world. They work passionately to reduce critical concerns that are prevalent in today’s society; for example, issues consisting of denial of human rights, degradation of the earth, violence, and racism. Althou gh multiple critical concerns could fit, the critical concern of denial of human rights was mostRead More Is Chivalry Alive Today Essay710 Words   |  3 Pages Chivalry is the type of thing that would be great to have in our society but I don’t believe that it exists too much anymore in the world today. Let me break down here some of the chivalry rules compared with the actions of the people of the current world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One rule of chivalry is that you have to honor and respect women. Back in the days of King Arthur this was carried out greatly but if you look at the lack of respect given to women today you see that this rule ofRead MoreJesus And The Mercy Of God1612 Words   |  7 PagesBiblical Studies Assessment - Christ’s Role in revealing the Mercy of God The theme for this year, 2016, is the theme of Mercy. Mercy is often portrayed or defined as an act of righteousness expressed by one individual toward another and can be shown or expressed through words and actions of compassion, forgiveness, hospitality etc. The theme of Mercy is known to be significant toward the original audience, also known as the wealthy, educated and good living Gentile Christians. This is a significantRead More Essay on Justice vs. Morality in Measure for Measure and Merchant of Venice1107 Words   |  5 PagesThe underlying theme of each work is well defined by the phrase Justice without the temperance of mercy, is power misused.   I will support this claim by drawing upon some of the characters and situations that are consistent in each story. In each story a mans life depends on the interpretation, and sanctioning of justice.   In the, Merchant of Venice, Antonio (who I believe represents mercy), had sealed a bond with Shylock offering a pound of his flesh for the loan of three thousand ducatsRead MoreThe Crusades Were A Chain Of Military And Religious Campaigns1003 Words   |  5 PagesCatholics to increase Christian influence in the Holy Land, which is Palestine. Some religious leaders actually inspired these crusades and had a key role in forming and commencing the Crusades. These religious figures were popes, bishops, and theologians. Peter the Hermit, Gottschalk, Pope Urban II, Pope Innocent III, Bernard of Clairvaux, Peter of Blois, and many more, were all people that played a key role in the Crusades . Some of them got armies together and called people to crusade. For example, Pope

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Georgetown University Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores

Georgetown University is a highly selective  private research university with an acceptance rate of 14.5%. Located in Washington D.C., Georgetown is the nations oldest Catholic and Jesuit university. Considering applying to this highly selective school? Here are the admissions statistics you should know. Why Georgetown University? Location: Washington, D.C.Campus Features: Situated above the Potomac River, Georgetowns compact 104-acre campus gives students easy access to the nations capital. The campus is home to numerous attractive stone and brick buildings.Student/Faculty Ratio: 11:1Athletics: The Georgetown Hoyas compete in the NCAA Division I Big East Conference for most sports.Highlights: Georgetowns location has led to a sizable international student population as well as the popularity of the International Relations major. The school is in close proximity to many other D.C. area colleges and universities. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, Georgetown University had an acceptance rate of 14.5%. For every 100 students who applied, 14 students were admitted, making Georgetowns admissions process highly competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 22,897 Percent Admitted 14.5% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 51% SAT Scores and Requirements Georgetown requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 68% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th percentile 75th percentile ERW 700 760 Math 710 790 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of Georgetowns admitted students fall within the top 7% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to Georgetown scored between 700 and 760, while 25% scored below 700 and 25% scored above 760. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 710 and 790, while 25% scored below 710 and 25% scored above 790. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1550 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at Georgetown. Requirements Georgetown does not require the SAT writing section. Note that Georgetown requires applicants to submit all SAT test scores. Georgetown does not participate in scorechoice; it considers the highest SAT score from a single test date. Applicants are also required to submit scores for 3 Subject tests for admission to Georgetown. ACT Scores and Requirements Georgetown requires all applicants to submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 55% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th percentile 75th percentile English 31 35 Math 28 34 Composite 32 35 This admissions data tell us that most of Georgetowns admitted students fall within the top 3% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to Georgetown received a composite ACT score between 32 and 35, while 25% scored above 35 and 25% scored below 32. Requirements Georgetown does not require the ACT writing section. Note that Georgetown requires applicants to submit all ACT test scores. Georgetown does not participate in scorechoice; it considers the highest ACT score from a single test date. Regardless of whether you submit the ACT or SAT, you are still required to submit scores for 3 Subject tests to Georgetown. GPA Georgetown does not provide data about admitted students high school GPAs. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph Georgetown Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex.   The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to Georgetown. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and calculate your chances of getting in with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances Georgetown University has a highly competitive admissions pool with a low acceptance rate and high average SAT/ACT scores. However, Georgetown, like most of the countrys top universities, has a holistic admissions process involving other factors beyond your grades and test scores. A strong application essay and glowing letters of recommendation can strengthen your application, as can participation in meaningful extracurricular activities, work experience, and a rigorous high school curriculum. The application requires three short essays: one about a school or summer activity, one about you, and one focused on the school or college at Georgetown to which you are applying. Note that Georgetown is one of the few top universities that uses its own application and does not use the Common Application. Georgetown University also requires all first-year applicants to complete an interview with a local alumnus unless it is geographically impossible. Most interviews take place near the applicants home. Although rarely the most important part of the application, the interview helps the university get to know you better, providing a chance for you to highlight interests that may not be evident on your application, as well as giving you an opportunity to learn more about Georgetown. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and Georgetown University Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Uncle Toms Cabin Essays - 1311 Words

The novel Uncle Toms Cabin was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and published in the United States in 1852. The novel depicted slavery as a moral evil and was the cause of much controversy at the time and long after. Uncle Toms Cabin outraged the South and received praise in the North. The publication of Uncle Toms Cabin was a major turning point for the United States which helped bring about the Civil War. Uncle Toms Cabin is said to have contributed to the Civil War because it brought the evils of slavery to the attention of Americans more vividly than any other book had done before (Harrietts Life). The novel made people who had never really thought about slavery realize how cruel and unjust it was. It also turned many†¦show more content†¦Uncle Toms Cabin was liked and disliked by many people in America. When Abraham Lincoln met Harriet Beecher Stowe after the beginning of the American Civil War, he supposedly said to her, So youre the little woman that wrote the book that started this Great War (Harriets Life). Lincoln was referring to Harriett Beecher Stowes book Uncle Toms Cabin. The quote implies that even the president of America had recognized and emphasized the impact of the novel on American Society as being the key cause to something as important as the Civil War. Harriet Beecher Stowe began writing Uncle Toms Cabin after the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed (Africans). The Fugitive Slave Act was an agreement between the north and the south that mainly said that if a runaway slave was caught in a free state, the runaway slave had to be returned to his or her owner (Uncle). She started to publish her story first as a series of stories in a newspaper called the Era, and when a publisher by the name of John Punchard Jewett read the article, he decided to publish it in book form (Harrietts Life). It became the best seller in the United States, England, Europe and Asia (Harrietts Life). The novel also began to be dramatized all over the world without the consent of Stowe. Uncle Toms Cabin not only became a success in book form but also in dramatic from. In this novel there are many families who end up getting torn apart from eachShow MoreRelatedUncle Toms Cabin829 Words   |  3 PagesUncle Toms Cabin, composed by Harriet Beecher Stowe and distributed in 1852, is an abolitionist-themed novel portraying the tragedies of bondage in the United States. It was immensely persuasive, prompted the formation of a basic pejorative, and was maybe even a reason for the Civil War. The story opens on a Kentucky ranch, home to the kind and venerated Uncle Tom, and the junior Eliza and her tyke. The story has a few significant characters, yet bases on Tom and Eliza. The managers of the homesteadRead MoreUncle Toms Cabin1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn the year 1852, nine short years before the civil war began in 1861, Harriet Stowe published arguably the most influential, groundbreaking, and controversial books in American history, Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The novel drew widespread criticism for the depiction of African Americans and slaves in a time when the United States of America was teetering on civil unrest due to the strength of the opposing views between the North and the South. The rapid expansion and growth the United States throughoutRead MoreUncle Toms Cabin Analysis1255 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Uncle Tom’s Cabin†, was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and published in 1852. Stowe’s purpose for writing â€Å"Uncle Tom’s C abin†, was to depict the lives of African Americans that are enslaved to whites in hopes to bring about change and encourage abolition protest. Uncle Tom was portrayed as a Godly man with a good heart it was meant show that slaves are just as human as whites, and that slavery should be saw as inhumane and unjust. There are several important concepts that are alluded to, but slaveryRead More Morality in Uncle Toms Cabin1491 Words   |  6 Pages Morality in Uncle Toms Cabin nbsp; One Work Citednbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Toms Cabin in order to help bring the plight of southern slave workers into the spotlight in the north, aiding in its abolitionist movement. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Harriet Beecher Stowe, in her work Uncle Toms Cabin, portrayed slaves as being the most morally correct beings, often times un-humanistically so, while also portraying many whites and slave-owners to be morallyRead MoreUncle Toms Cabin Essay690 Words   |  3 PagesUncle Toms Cabin Uncle Toms Cabin follows the lives of two slaves that live on a Kentucky plantation. Tom, a black slave, and a young mulatto woman named Eliza are under the ownership of Mr. Shelby. Tom is his most trusted slave, while Eliza is Mrs. Shelbys beloved servant, whom she has raised since she was a young girl. Mr. Shelby is a kind man, but is not very good with his finances. He is indebted to a slave trader by the name of Haley. The story begins with Haley givingRead MoreRacism in Uncle Toms Cabin1591 Words   |  7 PagesHarriet Beecher Stowes novel Uncle Toms Cabin was the defining piece of the time in which it was written. The book opened eyes in both the North and South to the cruelties that occurred in all forms of slavery, and held back nothing in exposing the complicity of non-slaveholders in the upholding of Americas peculiar institution. Then-president Abraham Lincoln himself attributed Stowes narrative to being a cause of the American Civil War. In such an influenti al tale that so powerfully points outRead MoreSlavery in Uncle Toms Cabin Essay478 Words   |  2 PagesSlavery in Uncle Toms Cabin Stowe presents slavery in the only way she knows how, by using the facts. Several sources of other works in American literature contrast on to how Stowe presents slavery in her novel Uncle Toms Cabin. The elements of slavery are driven through the reflections of theme, characterization, and setting to show that the way slavery is presented is not contradicting. Through the character of Mrs. Shelby, Stowe seems to use her opposition against slavery the mostRead MoreCritical Reflection of Uncle Tom’s Cabin2270 Words   |  10 PagesCritical Reflection of Uncle Tom’s Cabin August 14 2012     Christianity had an essential role in the abolition of slave trade in American Society. American Christianity impressively contributed to American Revolution (1775-1783) as well as Civil War (1861-1865) (Parfait 47). Even though, the role of Christianity in slavery remained abstruse as some Christians, especially from the Southern America supported slavery, its importance in anti-slavery struggle remained noteworthy. Slavery was generallyRead MoreThe Influence of the 1850s in Uncle Toms Cabin2754 Words   |  12 PagesThe Influence of the 1850s in Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin Despite heartbreaking family separations and struggles for antislavery Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) erupted into one of the greatest triumphs recorded in literary history (Downs 228), inspiring plays, pictures, poems, songs, souvenirs, and statues (Claybaugh 519). As Uncle Toms Cabin was being published in the National Era newspaper in forty weekly installments (x), it was received by southerners asRead MoreUncle Toms Cabin, by Harriet Beecher Stowe1144 Words   |  5 PagesUncle Tom’s Cabin has been explained as being a history of harmful acts towards Blacks in America for a period of a hundred and thirty years (Stowe, â€Å"Nineteenth†). 51).The book Uncle Tom’s Cabin was one of History’s favorite books (Stowe, â€Å"Nineteenth† 1). It talks about how Tom would do anything for the white man (Stowe, Uncle 1). The southerners did not give Harriet Beecher Stowe and credit for writing the book (Piacentino 1). Uncle Tom showed a lot of Christianity in this book, but the master

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

The Impact of Cultism and Examination Malpractices on the Quality of Education in the 21st Century Nigeria free essay sample

INTRODUCTION Many Nigerians were aware of the rot in the nation under the years of military dictatorship, but hardly knew the magnitude of the rot. As it is with the nation, so it is with the education sector; only those saddled with the responsibility of administering our education system can appreciate the crisis in the education system. And just as the damage done to the nation will take a long time to correct, sanitizing the education sector will take quite some years of continuous and determined reformation. Many reform measures do not bear fruits overnight. This is even more so in the education sector. For example, the impact of Chief Obafemi Awolowo’s free primary education was not fully felt among the Yoruba till the civil war and after, when they had to occupy Federal positions abandoned by the Igbo. The twin evils of campus cultism and examination malpractices entrenched themselves in the campuses during the years of military despotism. They are product of the years of decay while the nature of inter-campus linkages of cult groups as well as the sophistication with which malpractices are now being perpetuated in various examinations has made the matter more difficult to rout (Omabu, 2003). Aims and Objectives of Education in Nigeria Education has been described as the best legacy that any nation or individual could leave behind for generation yet to come. It is an invaluable asset, therefore, to both the individual and the society; since it has been also used from time immemorial, as a veritable instrument of cultural transmission. Thus education, in one form or the other, had always been an integral part of the human society. Generally, forms of education could be broadly categorized into formal and informal. Whereas, the former takes place in a formal or official setting, compartmentalized and certificated with designated learners and teachers, the latter is not so clearly designed. It has a longer life-span commencing from birth and ending in the grave, with everyone around the learner constituting his teacher even as no certificate is required. Yet, this form of education is as important as the former; if not more; if only for the fact that it is quite a practical thing with all the evidences of effective and functional noble expectations and objectives of the formal system of education. Indeed, it has a multilateral aim with the end objectives being to produce an individual who is honest, respectable skilled and cooperative and conforms to the social order of the day. According to Fafunwa (1974), seven aspects of these educational objectives can be identified and these include:- 1. To develop the child’s latent physical skills. . To develop character. 3. To inculcate respect for elders and those in position of authority. 4. To develop intellectual skills. 5. To acquire specific vocational training and to develop a healthy attitude towards honest labour. 6. To develop a sense of belonging and to participate actively in family and community affair. 7. To understand, appreciate and promote the cultural heritage of the community at large. Thus, it was for good reasons that the Nigerian formal education system took after these objectives as enunciated in the National Policy on Education (1981). According to Policy, the broad objectives of Nigerian education should emphasize such things as:- i. The inculcation of the right type of value attitudes for the survival of individual society. ii. The training of the mind in building valuable concepts, generalizations and understand of the world around. iii. The acquisition of appropriate skills, abilities and competencies of both mental and physical nature as equipment for the individual to live in his society. iv. The acquisition of relevant and balance knowledge of facts about local and world phenomena. In the light of the first two objectives above, Nigerian education was to be geared towards self realization, better human relationship, self and national economic efficiency, citizenship, national consciousness, national unity, social and political progress, science and technological progress as well as national reconstruction. In pursuance of the objectives therefore, our educational institutions (pre- to post-primary) have designed their programmes in such a way that functional individual who will be capable of contributing his quota to national development is produced. But the question however remains as to what extent have these objectives been achieved? How well and indeed dependable are those measuring instruments such as internal and external examinations capable of producing the desired results? Evolutionary Trends in Cultist Activities in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions The phenomenon of campus cults in Nigeria dated back to 1952, when Wole Soyinka winner of the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize for Literature-and a group of friends at the University of Ibadan formed the Pyrates Confraternity with the motto â€Å"Against all Conventions†. The skull and cross bones were their insignia, cultivating a bohemian style that ridiculed the colonial attitudes mode of dress of the day. This caught on among students and over the next two decades, the fraternity, a non-violent body, became established in all the tertiary institutions that emerged in post-independence Nigeria. The emergence of campus cults as they are known in Nigeria today began with a split in the Pyrates Confraternity during the early 1970s when a breakaway group formed the Buccaneers Confraternity followed by the emergence of the Black Axe or the Neo-Black Movement. Inter-group rivalry then set in, even though skirmishes between them were limited to fist fights. The 1980s saw the multiplication of cults in the more than 300 tertiary institutions across Nigeria as new groups such as the Eiye, Vikings, Amazons and Jezebel emerged, bringing with them more intensely violent rivalry. By 1984, when Soyinka initiated the abolition of the Pyrates Confraternity in all tertiary institutions, the phenomenon of violent had developed a life of its own. By the mid-1980s, reports had it that some of the cults have been co-opted by elements in the intelligence and security services serving the military government such that they were used as foils to the left-wing student unions which, along with university teachers, were among the only remaining bastions of opposition to military rule. Cultism includes the activities of secret cults or societies that are very rampant in our institutions of learning today. The founding fathers of such societies do not have the mind of carrying out evils but as a pressure group that can monitor and defend the interest of the immorality of students’ populace without violence. But the activities of the various cults seen day in our institutions are far from the above reasons. They have constituted themselves into gangs of â€Å"never-do-well† set of people. Their mission today is to loot, kill, steal and destroy lives and properties at will. The violence associated with them is reported to be as a result of battles for supremacy among them. They have constituted themselves into a big cog in the wheel of Nigeria’s education development. Indeed, the growth and maturation of examination malpractice tendencies in our tertiary institutions have been considered as one of the direct fallouts of cultism. Hardly a month passes these days, without reports of deaths of students or staff resulting from cult-related violence. This has not only created an atmosphere of insecurity in our campuses, it is also diverting attention from the primary purpose of the universities which is education. At a time when funding of these institutions are inadequate, and the standard of education is said to be falling, cultism and examination malpractices tendencies are clearly a big problem for the concerned authorities. Both of the most frequently discussed problems in the education sector today; since indiscipline in schools is central to the factors contributing to the fast dwindling, declining and deteriorating educational standard. The various acts of indiscipline commonly perpetrated by students such as truancy, stealing, hooliganism, examination malpractices, sexual immoralities and cultism among others are all destructive to the educational system. Taiwo (2004) declared that â€Å"what we are all witnessing today in the education sector is a sad reflection of corruption in the society and the low priority placed on standardization and improvement of the intellectual custodians of our time by those in governance†. This is against the fact that most members of these cults are from rich homes and are never serious with their studies; thus prompting their venturing into examination malpractices. Whenever they fail their courses, they react violently through their cult members against the teachers in charge of their failed courses. They operate at night and conduct initiation of new members at dawn in these institutions coming out with dangerous weapons at the middle of the nights when students who are ignorant of their activities fall victim. The recent arrest of some students who were believed to be cult members at Esa-Oke Federal Technical College serves as typical case in point. The fire of cult terrorism on the campuses which raged on for about one year, after the half-heated spray of cult antidote by the Federal Government in 1999, has steadily intensified and burst into flames once more. In the first two weeks of August 2004, 33 students of three universities were brutally murdered in cultic butcheries, suspected to have been perpetuated by cult members among students of tertiary institutions. Of the figure, 15 were of the Ebonyi State University, whose eight other students had similarly been killed the previous year. The rest 18 were of the Enugu State University of Science and Technology and the University of Nigeria Nsukka, whose five other students were shot dead in June, 2002, by cultists (Vanguard, 2004). The toll of the ever-intensifying cultic butcheries had to lecturers and officers of these institutions. Only recently, two lecturers, one each from the ESUT and the UNN, were shot dead by suspected cultists; while suspected terrorists threatened to kill the new Vice-chancellor of University of Benin, Prof. Emmanuel Nwanze, if he failed to dismantle the committee on â€Å"Renunciation and Cultism†, which he set up after two medical students of the university were killed by suspected cultists. The cultists have also widened the scope of their operation to include armed robbery. Reasons for Prevalence of Cultist Activities in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions It is often claimed that some parents of these cultists are the brains behind the sponsoring of evil clubs releasing funds and weapons to them to carry out their obnoxious acts against humanity. This indecent moral values impacted into these youths are giving them more confidence to feel that nothing will happen to them even if they are caught with the belief that money answereth all things. Cultism in larger society has become a celebrated phenomenon among the political class who equally happen to be in control of the wealth of the nation. There are enough resources to sponsor to sponsor the baby-cultist in our institutions by these sets of evidence their political opponents whether real or perceived. Considering the various killings of innocent students in our institutions by cult members, one may want to ask, why have solutions eluded us these years in bringing a stop to the menace of this anti–social behaviour? We have remained in our present state of confusion for the number of reasons, which according to Taiwo (2004) include:- i. Lack of concerted and consistence political will to deal with the problem once and for all. ii. Constantly shifting and unsettled socio-cultural and educational policies and practices, which tend to negative previous efforts at solving the problem. iii. Sudden and drastic dislocation of our scale of value whereby the intellectual custodians have become systematically relegated yielding place to other less important priorities. iv. Worshipping of money to discredit intellectual zealousness among the upcoming youths. Odili (2004) gave 11 possible causes of the rising cases of cultism in these institutions to include:- i. Erosion of Education Standards ii. Economic Difficulties iii. Emulation of Military Coupists iv. Adventurism and Egotism v. Sponsorship by Community Leaders vi. Lack of Integration vii. Peer Group Influence and Drug Addiction viii. Bad Parenting and Erosion of Family Values ix. Oil Bunkering x. Sponsorship by Politicians. The diminishing economic prosperity also contributes greatly. There is the crisis of confidence and of faith in our educational institutions leading to a general state of anxiety and an erosion of confidence in getting jobs after school by the majority of the students. From the state of confusion to which the society exposed our youth, one may conclude that cultism is an offshoot and indeed a reflection of our corrupt society, which had for long plunged our educational sector into serious malfunctioning and dislocation. The Guardian (2005), in an editorial, attempted an explanation of the situation and why the problem had remained seemingly intractable in the submissions that â€Å"The violence associated with the cults currently can be attributed to the general breakdown of values which we once held sacrosanct. The premium attached to human life has plummeted so badly that youths can now kill without flinching†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . We therefore cannot combat the cults menace without paying attention to the problem of the larger society. An obvious explanation for the resurgence and worsening of cult crisis on the campuses is the inadequate, half-hearted enforcement of the measures already officially pronounced. The slaughter of five students of the Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife in one fell swoop in 1999 prompted Federal Government’s adoption of an anti-cult strategy, part of which was an offer of monetary incentive to repentant cult members among students nationwide. In keeping with some recommendations of judicial panel on the cultic killings too, the government vowed to establish a unit to identify secret cults and their activities in all tertiary institutions. Also, the government empowered heads of the institutions to summarily dismiss any student properly identified as a cult member, and proposed a data-bank of students so dismissed to forestall their re-admission into any other similar institutions in Nigeria. Had these measures been adequately enforced, the soaring rate of cultic terrorism would have been drastically reduced. But the government has merely pointed its anti-cult armoury without really using the weapons to fight the bloody cults. Besides, the government’s order to heads of tertiary institutions to summarily dismiss cult members among their students is rendered ineffectual by the plea of the police, in a number of cases, of non-existence of a relevant laws to prosecute students for their involvement in cult activities; as the long-standing decree prohibiting cultism on the campuses is rendered unenforced, null and void. Such expelled students have often safely returned to their institutions for being secret cult members brandishing court orders for their reinstatement. The kid-glove handling of serious cult cases by the police and the judiciary, combined with the thickening suspicion that a number of rich parents, influential politicians and government officials sponsor cultism on the campuses, gives the cultists the erroneous feeling that they would always escape punishment, or if at all convicted, would suffer mild punishment (Daily Champion, 2004). Implications of Cultist Activities in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions All these are not without their very grave implications worth mentioning here. Although not all the students are involved in cultism, the few that are involved do considerable damage to the system. Since violent cult activities started, thousands of students have lost their lives to it while properties worth millions have also been destroyed. Apart from the injured and those rusticated or expelled, troubled universities students are generally known for their activism everywhere. Together with the media and civil societies, they help to protest against bad policies of government. The Vietnam War for instance, ended after heavy protests by students and other civil groups. British students recently protested against the proposed hike in fees by their government. All these are positive actions by university students. Although Nigerian students have, over the years, contributed their quota to national development, the issue of cultism has come to dent their image. If it is true that the youth of today are the leaders of tomorrow, then the stackholders in education must rise up to the challenges posed by the courge of cultism. Despite the much already done in this regard, more still need to be done to eradicate cultism from our institutions of higher learning. Summarily, Odili (2004) pinpointed 7 implications of this trend to include the following:- 1. Destruction of Lives and Properties 2. Upsurge in Crime due to Arms Proliferation 3. Epileptic University System 4. Loss of Prospective Investors 5. Loss of Government Revenue through Illegal Bunkering 6. Cost of Ma intaining Law and Order 7. Threat to Government Nature and Types of Examination Malpractices among Students Today in Nigeria, there has been an increasing occurrence of examinations malpractices among students than ever before, permeating every public examination, like the West African Examination Council (WAEC) Joint Admission and Matriculation Board (JAMB) and lately National Examination Council (NECO) with rampant cases of examinations results not released or cancelled outright for many candidates. Most of these cases have come to be linked directly to examination malpractices. Similarly, institutions of higher learning have gone sophisticated in these malpractices to the extent that reports of expelled students on account of these have become a common occurrence; going on unabated. It is even believed that many prospective candidates seeking admission into higher institutions today often employ others to write the examinations for them. This readily explains the antecedent of those found with the habit in institutions of higher learning. This is because they tend to carry on, with more sophistication though, when they get into the institutions. Little wonder then that the cult platform will seem particularly appealing to this group of students as an easy escape, with a view to shoring up their academic bankruptcy. Hence the rather mutual relationship that lies between cultism and examination malpractices in these institutions. Meanwhile, the New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language (1992) defines examination as a formal, written, spoken or practical test especially at school or college, to see how much you know about a subject, or what you can do. On the other hand, the term alpractice refers to careless, wrong or illegal behaviour while in a professional job (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2000). Olanipekun (2003) views it as ‘the failure to carry out properly or honestly condition specified by the examination body (School authority, for example) for the evaluation of students in a programme of study’. It implies therefore that any student who before, during, after or in anticipati on of any examination or test goes against the rules and regulations guiding the conduct of the examination is involved in examination malpractices. Examination malpractices come in varying forms, shapes and sizes; with differing designations such as ‘microchips’, ‘macro-chips’, ‘download’, ‘laptop’, ‘giraffe’ and quite recently, the use ‘mercenaries’. Micro and macro chips are same techniques except for the variation in the sizes of the imported materials. Whereas the former has to do with small pieces of extraneous materials imported into the examination’s venue, the latter is of more significant size. â€Å"Download† refers to the bringing in of the whole text from which the candidate intends to copy. Sometimes the scientific calculator can be used for the storage of relevant data, formulas etc. to be downloaded for use in the examination hall. As for ‘laptop’, the individual candidate’s lap is used as the writing surface from where relevant information can be copied in the examination as the need arises. This type is more prevalent among female in view of the fact that it is rather easier to do with the wearing of skirts. â€Å"Giraffe† happens to be the age-long style whereby candidates use neck-stretching to look at what another person was doing. All these have, however, come to look like a child’s play when compared with the sophistication and artistry that mercenary represents. A major difference between mercenary and other forms of examination malpractices is that whereas the actual candidates in question perpetuate other forms, ‘mercenary’ involves the recruitment of an external body to write the examinations on the candidate’s behalf. The examination mercenary syndrome thus refers to the practice whereby candidates employ and pay external person(s) to sit in and write examinations on their behalf. Usually, the mercenary is considered as the intellectual where-withal to write the examinations successfully for the one who has engaged his ‘services’. This is because, such an individual either comes from higher institutions of learning or had already succeeded in similar examinations in the past. When ‘mercenary’ is used in institutions of higher learning, he is either a more competent hand in the course concerned or it is so believed. Sometimes, candidates from other institutions of higher learning are imported for the job. It suffices to state categorically that the syndrome is almost completely male-dominated generally associated with monetary incentives, reward or gratification, and sometimes to compensate an amorous relationships. There have also been a few other cases where the ‘mercenary’ is self-employed, that is, doing it (in compassion, they claim) for someone who, in actual fact, has not solicited such a service in the first place. Friends, sometimes male, often do this for their female colleagues as a demonstration of true friendship. Thus, it can be concluded from the foregoing that it is the ‘mercenary’ and means of settling the fees to be charged which, of course, varies from one ‘mercenary’ to the other. Implications of Examination Malpractices in Nigerian Tertiary Institutions This unfortunate development in our educational system represents a high sophistication to which examination malpractices had risen in recent times. Sadly too, some parents have been found to encourage the perpetuation of this ugly act by their children/wards either directly or indirectly. Not only has this contributed to the diminishing standard of our education, but it has also helped to cast aspersion on individual candidates’ certificates, which many often claimed, have not always been a true reflection of their academic standing. Due to this weak background, it is not surprising therefore that many candidates who secured admission into higher institutions with such results have been much of a disappointment. They simply could not leave up to their billings in all ramifications. Attendant frustration often result in sundry other malpractices in examinations to such an extent that they are sooner or later certified as academically unfit and marked for withdrawal on academic ground. Desperate ones among them would want to do all things possible to hang on. This often take them to all kinds of anti-social vices, prominent among which is cultism. The individual, which is the bedrock of the society, is by this token, being malformed and deformed for the future. There is no doubt therefore, that all kinds of examination malpractices stand condemnable by all the stakeholders in the education sector. This is for the simple fact that to compromise academic standards is one sure way to mortgage, if not the present, certainly the future of a people. Our today, and whatever it stands for, represents the foundations of our tomorrow. Prevalence of examination malpractices, especially the mercenary syndrome, indicates the weak foundations upon which we are to build our tomorrow therefore. Yet, our credible and lasting tomorrow is already being endangered with this ever-increasing wave of academic frauds and immoral dispositions (Issa, 2003). Although many of such students end up with brilliant results, especially at external examinations, they often find it difficult to live up to those results after securing admission into institutions of higher learning. Their apparent inability to cope well in their studies, quite often, leads to frustration thereby encouraging their environment into cultism and other related social vices. The bulk of them end up badly in their academic pursuits while the remaining few who would have crookedly sailed through to the end become social misfits. For one, they are hardly good at their jobs even as the anti-social tendencies remain with them throughout life. Yet, human resources have been considered the most vital of all resources needed for both individual and societal developments. Incidentally, the education system represents the most veritable instrument with which human resources could be created and developed. It therefore goes without saying that the individual and society’s success in ensuring the laying of a good foundation for our tomorrow lies in our ability to rise above the challenges posed by this trend in examination malpractices and cultism. The Way Forward Hope is not lost yet once we are alive to the rescue mission. With respect to cultism, one cannot but agree with Odili (2004) on his 7-point agenda for a way forward, which are: 1. Moral Upbringing of Children. 2. Public Enlightenment Advocacy by the Media. 3. Re-orientation in our Tertiary Institutions and Better Funding. 4. Integrity Watch for Business, Community and Political Leaders. 5. Anti-cult Law 6. Law Enforcement 7. Job Creation and Good Governance Beyond enforcing the relevant laws on campuses, the government should step out to improved the university environment, which tends to be a fertile ground for breeding cultists. Given the uncongenial condition of the universities, bereft of teaching and learning materials, teachers’ incessant strikes, examination malpractices and school shut downs, students have found cult activities quite appealing. Their utmost goals of vain glory and supremacy are cheaply attainable through enlistment in cults. If universities are meant to impart knowledge and mould character, while their degrees and diplomas are awarded only to people found worthy in leaning and character, then any student identified as a cultist, murderer, or robber should be punished accordingly. They must not be allowed to remain hit-squads and agent of destruction of lives and property. Only the full weight of the law can warn them that cultism is evil, and pays no dividends. As for the case of examination malpractices, there would be the need to change our orientation and value system, which seemed to emphasize the erroneous at all cost and by all means belief, which are not only negative but also counter-productive. It is high time we begin to have a sound realization of the fact that it is not only by having a degree that one can succeed or excel in life. It is much more beyond that, because there are still a score of people who, in spite of not having a degree, actually succeeded and excelled in their chosen careers. The point must also be made that it is far better to be a self-reliant, successful artisan than an unemployed, jobless and street-roaming degree holder. If we succeed in this orientation bid, hopes are that majority of those that would remain will be those who interested in pursuing serious active studies would match the requirement and demands of a standard educational system. Finally, students must be made to understand and appreciate hard work, dedication and commitment to studies. This is where the teachers and the entire school authority need to be highly responsible and responsive. Students must be treated and dealt so as to encourage others to even better performance thereby looking up to them as source of inspirations. At that point in time, when the majority would have come to appreciate hard work, examination malpractices in general, the mercenary syndrome as well as cultism, would have been relegated to the status of an abnormality, as against the restigious status they currently enjoy. REFERENCES Aje S. A. (2001) Problems of Cultism in Nigerian School, Ilorin. Afri – Focus Investment Daily Champion, Nigeria (2004) â€Å"Alarming Rise in Cultism†. An Editorial Opinion in Daily Champion, Nigeria. August 30th (Available at: http://champion-newspapers. com/) Edeki, E. (2004) â€Å"Personal View: Curbing Cultism in our Educational Syst em†. Vanguard on line Edition January 05. (Available at: http:www. Vanguardonline. com/) Fafunwa A. B. (1974) History of Education in Nigeria London: George Allen. P. 20. The Guardian Newspaper (2005) â€Å"Editorial on the Upsurge in Cultist Activities† March 16 (Available at: http://www/. guardiansnewspapernigeria. com/) Issa, A. O. (2003) ‘Examination Mercenary Syndrome and the Future of Nigerian Educational System’. A Speech Delivered at the First Book Fair â€Å"FEDPOFFA 2003†. Organized by FEDPOFFA Consult (1981) Federal Ministry of Education: Lagos. Rev. ed. P. 45. New Webster’s Dictionary of the English Language (1992). New York: Lexicon Publications INC. P. 625. Odili, P. (2004) â€Å"The Cult Phenomenon and Security Implications† A paper presented at the Summit of Security at the House of Representative, Abuja. Olanipekun, N. O. (2003) Examination Malpractices in Nigeria Schools: An Indepth Analysis, Offa: Royal Prestige Venture Omabu, O. (2003) ‘Campus Cult Violence Claims 115 Lives’. This Day News September 4. (Available at: http:/This Day News Nigeria. com/) Oyebanji, M. (2003) Campus Confraternities. Oro: Fabule Press. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of English Language (2000). Great Clarendon, Oxford University Press P. 399. Taiwo, A. (2004) â€Å"Campus Cults: a Reflection of a Corrupt Society†. Daily Times Nigeria. May 13 (Available at: http//www/. daily times of Nigeria. com).

Friday, April 10, 2020

The New Beetle Case free essay sample

At a time when American’s were sceptical about the purchase of imported cars, due to lack of availability of spare partes and costly repairs, heightening Germany’s existing image problem in the market, Volkswagen introduced the Beetle in 1949 which turned out to be a phenomenal success and envisaged a cult-following by the 60s. However due to factors, such as Deutsche Mark appreciation, declining hatchback popularity, new environmental legislations all led to a dramatic decline in the sales of the Volkswagen Beetle. The sales after peaking in 1968, died out completely by 1981. Subsequently with a renewed focus to leverage a no. of value propositions from the old beetle such as strong heritage value, focus on unique driving experience and delivering German technology at an affordable value, the company decided to re-model the Beetle to incorporate design features such as –honest, reliable, simple and original to design the New Beetle. After meeting with success through its initial promotional campaigns, the company’s marketing manager Vanzura had decided to target the Baby bloomers with a proposition aimed at ‘indulging in nostalgia’. We will write a custom essay sample on The New Beetle Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While rival companies spent upwards of 100 million dollars towards promotional budget, Vanzura would have to content with 25% of the typical budget size, which would further shrink if Vanzura would have to allocate dollars towards promotional expense of the New Passat which had debuted just 5 months ago. With this constraint on its budgetary resources, the company marketing manager set out to decide the marketing strategy to be followed for the new Beetle. The fundamental problem came down to targeting a broad customer base by advertising in the televisions or to position itself to cater to a niche category by advertising in the print media. The old Beetle †¢Beetle was the most successful car model of its time, more than 21 million Beetles were sold. It also was also a huge success in America and had become an true American icon. †¢The Beetle had a huge fan following in the new generation of Americans. It had become a symbol of individuality and personal style. †¢Beetle found a place in Disney movies as â€Å"Herbie the love bug†, and also in the lives of the common American as a member of his family. A brief history of VW and Beetle After the launch of Beetle in America, which turned to be great success, VW of America was set up as a subsidiary to VW. A few car models were also launched like Rabit, Microbus and Karmann Gia sport coupe which were successful as well. However Beetle was still the leading car model for VW as it always contributed more than 65% sales (by volume) for VW till 1974. However, due to strengthening of Deutsche Mark, competition from cheaper Japanese brands VW saw its sales declining in US during 1970s. Due to recession in 1982, declining popularity of hatchbacks and inability to comply with the environmental legislation Beetle was withdrawn from the US markets. VW also took a hit and sales dropped to less than 50000 by 1993. In 1994 a campaign was launched to revive VW and a plan for relaunching Beetle in 1998 was also considered. Bring back the Beetle â€Å"What are you waiting for Doc? Bring back the Beetle. And hurry. † This was the the opening sentence of a letter to Dr Ferdinand Piech, Chairman Volkswagen AG Board of management, which appeared in Chicago Tribune. This reflected the enthusiasm and the anticipation prevailing in the market for the New Beetle. But there were some challenges which were to be addressed before the launch. One of the major challenges was to remove the misconceptions about Beetle. Beetle was considered to be a â€Å"toy car†. This image of Beetle needed a repair to ensure the New Beetle is looked upon as a â€Å"Real, Driveable car†. The Beetle did have a segment of potential customers, ie the Baby Boomers, but for a sustained growth it also had to look beyond and exploit the appeal which Beetle had in other customer segments. Efforts to retain Baby Boomers were also required because the New Beetle was not a replica of the old Beetle. Thus positioning of Beetle was the key concern for VW. Positioning of the new Beetle with the backdrop of old Beetle’s image success coupled with a limited advertising budget was a challenging job and was considered as â€Å"Mission : Impossible† for a marketer. New Beetle: SWOT analysis Strength: The new beetle enjoys an iconic heritage; it is the successor of a car which enjoyed cult following among the mass and the elite alike during its hay-days. The strong brand image of yesteryears associated with the TYPE I Beetle definitely acts as one of its strength. In addition the new Beetle in today’s age of technology leverages its strength of affordable German engineering to provide its users with the joy of a unique driving experience, which the owners can associate with it. And finally, its design principles – honest, simple, reliable and original, which reinforce its penchant to use classic elements and basic shapes with the help of cutting edge technology and modern detail is symbolic of its spirit and historical strength. Weakness: One of the concerns which would keep the marketing unit busy at work would be the ‘toy car’ image which has been tagged to it in the market. However the case exclusively quotes that â€Å"While many people saw the car as more of a toy, the New Beetle had its fair share of fans. † Another weakness of the new Beetle was that it was one of the more expensive cars in the segment which was contrary to its customer’s perception of affordability that they attached to its predecessor. However the main concern for the new Beetle was the limited advertisement budget at its disposal and the consequently low ad recall that emanated from it. Opportunities: Notwithstanding the above facts, there were several opportunities in the arket for the new Beetle which it could take advantage of. The primary being the emergence of a new generation of fun loving consumers who wanted to express themselves by showing off to the world their car and the confidence associated with it. The nostalgia surrounding the car coupled with innovative promotions and attractive lease financing schemes all represent a favourable proposition for the marketing of the car. In addition, the new Beetle seeks to explore the revelation of people’s love for round shapes using this as an opportunity to promote its simple yet modern designs. Threats: While the above discussion paints a rosy picture of the new Beetle, all isn’t well with the car and/or the market in general. A decrease of 5% in the small car segment might be indications of a contract market. This coupled with the propositions of competition from Japanese auto makers, in terms of price and volume represents a growing threat which the new Beetle must look to effectively counter. In addition the loss of exclusivity of dealers meant that the dealers were looking elsewhere to regain costs and were not optimistic about Beetles’ selling strengths. While limited promotional budget represented a weakness in the new Beetles’ marketing campaign it might as well stand for a potent threat, the failure in increase of which might steam-roll the marketing campaign of the new Beetle. New Beetle Value proposition (CCDS): The New Beetle creates substantial value for the customers because of its cutting edge German Technology and revamped stylish looks. The Car also emphasizes on safety with dual air bags and driving comfort. This was adequately communicated to the customers with new ad campaigns especially with the spearhead Drivers Wanted. Again campaign. The Beetle was banking heavily on the nostalgia factor and was promoted with several ads highlighting this feature. The Beetle added perceived value in the customers mind with in built six speaker music systems, and in built air conditioning in the standard package. This coupled with zero maintenance left a very favourable impression in the customers view. The Beetles extended warranty and dealership training programmes ensured that this created value was sustained over a long period. New Beetle: A New Product The New Beetle could be considered as a new product which was being launched. Applying the Booz Allen Hamilton theory, we can see the following characteristics of in the New Beetle. 1. The new Beetle launched with an intention to have the same appeal as the old Beetle had and exploit the emotional attachment which people had with beetle. The new Beetle, however had a different design, better technical features and was â€Å"no replica† of the old Beetle. 2. The new Beetle was to be carefully positioned in the market so that it appeals all segments of customers. It was to be projected as a â€Å"real, driveable car†. This required a repositioning of Beetle in the market. These factors indicate that the New Beetle was a New product, however it did carry the emotions and design principles which the original Beetle had. The Beetle Market Arnold Communications had done a lot of market research to understand the customer and dealer perceptions about Volkswagen. They found that most of the VW consumers were young, slightly affluent and more educated than an average car buyer. The enjoyed the unique driving experience provided by VW cars. VW was perceived to be affordable as well. These notions, followed by the Drivers Wanted campaig set the stage for targeting a huge market for the New Beetle. As per the initial market research VW of America, the New Beetle appealed to a number of different consumer segments. The market included the Baby Boomers and also the new core audience of the 18-34 year olds. Strategy: The target market segment for â€Å"The New Beetle† was demographically diverse though the potential customers embodied qualities such as confidence, individualism and a desire to be the centre of attention. They loved to drive the spirited design and gave more importance to the â€Å"driving experience†. The co-branding campaign with K2 and Trek was consistent with the target audience’s aspirations and desires. The â€Å"Drivers Wanted† was suitable for communicating the basic value proposition of â€Å"The New Beetle† also. Therefore, the company should continue with these two campaigns to utilize the brand awareness that was created. The euphoria created in the market about the launch of new model should be utilized completely. A major section of the target audience is that of baby boomers who are nostalgic about the brand â€Å"beetle†. Hence, by sticking to the original campaign, this euphoria can be capitalized upon. The basic proposition of â€Å"offering German Engineering affordably† is somewhat violated as the price range of â€Å"The New Beetle† is one of the highest in the small car segment. This can be mitigated by helping customers to meet this higher price. The company did it successfully in the past by providing attractive lease financial deals. This strategy should be continued for this brand also. Campaign: The launch has received a euphoric press reception and well orchestrated PR efforts had helped this cause. However, positive press coverage was not enough to sell the product. The company faces a paucity of advertising funds and the most economic and effective campaign would be a combination of TV and Print advertising. The TV campaign should be targeted at the younger generation customers with flashy jazz loving ads. This sub-segment is the main target audience of the â€Å"The New Beetle†. This TV campaign will use the majority of the funds but will create awareness among a broader customer base. On the other hand, print advertising should be targeted at â€Å"the baby boomers† with the value proposition of â€Å"indulging in nostalgia†. A print media campaign in magazines like ‘Architectural Digest’ would be most useful. It has a high ‘Simmons Descriptor’ which indicates the that the readership is high among those people who are conventional and more likely to be associated with the ‘baby boomers’ section.

Monday, March 9, 2020

Up from Slavery, Down to the Ground Sailing Amistad. A Movie Review

Up from Slavery, Down to the Ground Sailing Amistad. A Movie Review It is hard to pin down why historical movies are so hard to shoot. Whether it is the conflict of a desire to both stay true to the source material and at the futile attempts to whitewash the history, or simply the inability to depict every single historical event without adding here and there generic characters, historical movies definitely offer a plethora of challenges for both the director and the cast. Exaggerating historical facts to the nth degree, Amistad yet offers a unique experience and sufficient food for thoughts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Up from Slavery, Down to the Ground: Sailing Amistad. A specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The plot of the movie is rather complicated, mostly because it is based on real historical events. At the very start of the movie, the audience is immediately taken onto the Amistad, the ship on which Africans are taken to Spain to become slaves. Thus, the movie immediately in forms the audience about the settings, which are the XIX-century USA. Further on, Senjbe Pieh, aka Cinque, one of the slaves and the movie’s main protagonist, is introduced to the audience. He manages to release himself and the rest of the Africans; thereafter, they kill almost entire crew. Arrested in Connecticut, the Africans are to undergo the trial. After a range of unfair actions towards the African accused, such as switching the judges from kind and sympathetic Juttson to cold-blooded and cruel Coglin, the Africans nearly lose all hope. Eventually, the barrister, John Quincy Adams, delivers his final speech: â€Å"The Declaration of Independence? What of its conceits? All men created equal, inalienable rights, life, liberty, and so on and so forth? What on Earth are we to do with this? I have a modest suggestion† (Amistad), and tears the Declaration in halves. The Africans are free. However, the fact that Cinque learns that his family has been sold into slavery a s he returns home adds a bitter note to the movie, as if saying, â€Å"There is still a lot to be done.† Rethinking the movie’s significance, it is most reasonable to start with the lead character. Although the audience doubtlessly sympathizes with Cinque, he is quite compelling. It is worth appreciation that the movie does not portray him as a martyr, turning him into a paper-thin element of black-and-white reality; on the contrary, there is a lot of controversy about him. Not only does he start a revolt on the ship, but also kills one of the crew members. Cinque is a criminal, which makes the emphasis on equal rights even stronger – he needs to be prosecuted as a human should be, not just sent to a slaughterhouse like a beast: â€Å"Give us, us free† (Amistad).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As for the supporting cast, the introduced chara cters work quite well into the overall tone of the movie. Which is even more important, they not only serve as the growing foil for Cinque, but also help to tell the story and make it more graphic. For instance, Van Buren is portrayed in a very specific manner. He is not a negative character, but something in-between, a man who wants neither to have the reputation of a monster nor to break the state balance, admitting basic human rights to the African people: â€Å"its the independence of our courts that keeps us free† (Amistad). Even John Quincy Adams, the historical figure obviously used as a plot device, adds a specific epic flair to the movie. As a matter of fact, his character arch at times is even more interesting than Cinque’s; for example, it is quite peculiar to watch him switching from passionate speeches (â€Å"You and this young so-called lawyer have proven you know what they are. Theyre Africans† (Amistad)) to providing solid pieces of evidence in t he course of the trial (â€Å"How is it that a simple, plain property issue has should now find itself so ennobled as to be argued before the Supreme Court of the United States of America† (Amistad)), from sarcastic (â€Å"in the courtroom, whoever tells the best story wins† (Amistad)) to sincere (â€Å"Give us the courage to do what is right† (Amistad)). Of course, there are serious political and historical flaws in the movie. Senjbe Pieh had already been kidnapped and enslaved several times before appearing on Amistad; likewise, Adams was portrayed in a way too dignified manner; Theodore Joadson is a figment of the screenwriter’s imagination; this list can go on even longer than the movie does. However, the big deciding point is whether the movie conveys its message successfully, and it does – the audience can feel the agony of the lead character, the movie makes it clear that equality is what the entire world should strive for and that every sin gle human being should have the same rights as the others. Hence, one can turn a blind eye to some of the historical flaws. Therefore, Amistad can be viewed as a Making Movie 101 – every single element of the film is tightly intertwined with the other ones, the characters are memorable, and even the elements used as a compromise between the movie originality and the existing standard for historical movies of such scale, work for the advantage of the film. Though it has been properly sanitized, it still deserves watching, not as a way to render the historical events, but as a way to make sure that human rights still remain a topical issue even in the XXI century. Amistad. Ex. Prod. Laurie McDonald and Walter Parkers. Universal City, CA: DreamWorks. 1997. DVD.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Up from Slavery, Down to the Ground: Sailing Amistad. A specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Saturday, February 22, 2020

1960's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

1960's - Essay Example The conflict, of course, began when the French decided to release their colonial claims to Vietnam. The French army was driven from Vietnam in 1954, resulting in the Geneva Peace Accords. This created a temporary partition of Vietnam at the seventeenth parallel, until 1956, when nationwide elections would be held. While the Communist powers in the Soviet Union and China did want the entire nation of Vietnam to become Communist, they predicted that the 1956 election would accomplish their aims without bringing the United States into the conflict (The Wars for Vietnam: 1945 to 1975). Rather than initiate another conflict similar to Korea, the American government began a concerted effort to win the political minds of those living to the south of the Communist zone. A major part of this effort was the creation of SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization). Initially, the American efforts were successful: the 1956 elections brought Ngo Dinh Diem, a firm opponent of Communism, to power in South Vietnam. However, Diem claimed that the North Vietnamese were preparing to take the southern half of Vietnam by force, and the Americans began aiding his military maneuvers against the northern half in 1957. Diem used a variety of brutal internal measures in South Vietnam to quell the Communist insurgency, including Law 10/59, which permitted authorities to hold anyone who was suspected of being a Communist indefinitely, without bringing charges. Over time, Diem became increasingly autocratic, which made him an increasingly difficult leader for the United States to support. In response, the Communist insurgency began to increase the amount of violence in its protests (The Wars for Vietnam: 1945 to 1975). The National Liberation Front was the official organization for those in South Vietnam who wanted to overthrow

Thursday, February 6, 2020

Research Methods Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Methods - Coursework Example The value of the statistic is too small and the probability is too high to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, from the F-test we conclude that all coefficients could be jointly equal to zero. (ii) H0:?2=0 against H0:?2?0 using a significance level of 0.05 Since the alternative hypothesis is that of non-equality but no direction (greater or less than) is specified, the test will be two tailed. The computed t- statistic is equal to -2.66937 which is greater in terms of absolute value than the two-tailed 5% critical value of 2.018 (given the number of observations and variables, the degrees of freedom are 42), we reject the null hypothesis that the coefficient of 1990 GDP per-capita is not statistically significantly different from zero. (iii) H0:?3=0 against H0:?3>0 using a significance level of 0.05 Since here the alternative hypothesis is of the greater than type, the test will be right tailed. For the given number of observations and variables, the critical one sided 5% t value is 1. 682. Our computed t-value is 2.598522 which is greater than the critical value. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected at 5% level of confidence. This implies that we have statistical evidence of secondary enrollment having a positive impact on GDP growth. (iv) H0:?7=0 against H0:?7>0 using a significance level of 0.1 Again, the alternative is of the greater than type, implying a right tailed test. The critical 1% t-value is 2.418. From the table above, we find that the computed t-statistic is 1.50471. Since this is smaller than the critical value, we fail to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, we fail to find any evidence that credit ratio has any statistically significant impact on GDP growth. Therefore, we find a contradiction between our conclusions in (i) and (ii). While in (i) we fail to reject the notion that all the coefficients on the predictor variables are jointly zero, we reject the hypothesis that the coefficient on the first explanatory variable, the 1990 percap ita GDP is zero. But if this is true then (i) should have rejected the null in favour of the alternative which requires atleast one of the coefficients to be non-zero. Typically, such contradictions arise because of the violation of one or more of the basic assumptions underlying OLS estimation. Particularly, if there are outliers that distort the estimates, then such contradictory results can emerge. 3. Advice for choosing between alternative spending From the fitted model in the previous part we have found that secondary enrolment has a positive impact on GDP growth as does the private credit ratio. Infact the coefficients are quite close though that of private credit ratio is slightly lower. However, only the former is statistically significant. This implies that there is no evidence of increases in private credit ratio having any impacts on the GDP growth. Therefore I would recommend investing the sum of money on policy measures that will increase the country’s rate of en rolment in secondary education. 4. Diagnostics for evaluating the validity

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

My Future Carrer Essay Example for Free

My Future Carrer Essay How do you see your own future career, what would you like to happen and how do you think your life will change in the coming years? There are various options open nowadays. The problem of choosing the future profession has always been very important. The profession a person chooses in many ways determines his/her future life. To make a right choice first of all you should understand what you like to do. Usually there are several factors that influence the decision of young people. They concern material and spiritual aspects of the future career. It is generally believed that profession should be both prestigious and interesting. I can’t, but agree with this statement. Today the most popular profession is economics. This profession is both prestigious and interesting. From graduating from economic faculty it is possible to find good job. And of course it is well-paid. All this factors are important for me. I was born in a family of a businessman. Since my early childhood I watched the problems and difficulties in doing business in our country. On the other hand I saw how happy my dad was when he signed the profitable contracts, started a new firm. He really got satisfaction of a job well-done and gave a sense of achievement behind the clinching of an important deal. So I have decided to start my own business when I’m grown up. For this I have made up my mind to get serious about economics. I think that I have all needed skills to become a good businessman. As I’m on the go all my life, because of studying and my hobbies, I am very active and hard-working. Maybe I’m not restrained or patient, but I think, that employer will be impressed with my ambitions. I’m well-educated and creative. Nowadays you often find that the top executive in a company is a woman. I want to be one of them. I think that I have all leadership qualities to be the best. I think that in future I will attain all my goals and will really have my nose to the grindstone. As In the past, people do not have many choices about their future job. They usually continue their fathers and grandfathers jobs and careers. Nowadays, there are multiple of choices about the future job and they are independent of the family career. Each child now has a dream of his own future job and can be clearly appeared in their choices of their toys. One wants to be a doctor, other wants to be an engineer, other wants to be a teacher and so on. I thing when ones gets older and moves on the levels of education, it becomes not easy to choose the future job. More thinking comes about making the right choice and setting the criteria of choosing. I have thoughts about my future job, where I can express myself and become successful. I want in my future job to be able to use my initiative, feel freedom and independent, gain self satisfaction and get well-paid. Moreover, I want to have an excitement and continuance interest rather than routine job, which brings boredom and kills motivations and developments. I would like my future job to be in the education sector. I want to start my job as teacher, which I believe that it is an important job. It is connected to the humans’ mind that makes them different from all other creatures. It is also considered one of the oldest careers that known by the human. In addition, it is one of the main aims of the God’s messengers. One of the main objectives in my future job is continuation of development and gets more different and higher positions in the education sector. I think that will be more challengeable and exciting and give the chance to be more initiative. In conclusion, I want to be a successful in my future job and be an active person to ward the development of my country. I want be useful to my family make them proud and happy. Now, I am studying hard to get more knowledge and gain different skills to meet my objectives.

Monday, January 20, 2020

Josh Gibson and Baseball :: Sports Racism African American Essays

Josh Gibson and Baseball Josh Gibson hit over 900 or 800 home runs in his career, depending on whose information you consult. His average was over .350. So why do we not hear Gibson's name mentioned in the recent discussion about baseball's best player ever that has surrounded Barry Bonds or at least as the greatest home run hitting catcher ever with Mike Piazza? This is because Josh Gibson played in the Negro Leagues. from http://baseballguru.com/jholway/analysisjholway43.html Talk of Gibson's greatness has been glaringly absent from mainstream reporting on baseball. Let me share with you three examples of this error that I have encountered recently. The first occurrence I noticed recently was in a book published to commemorate the anniversary of the Yankee Stadium. In a section entitled, "the longest home runs hit in Yankee Stadium," Gibson is omitted entirely, although some of his home runs have certainly been among the longest balls ever hit in (or out of) that stadium. The second occurrence was in a recent New York Times article about Barry Bonds and his quest for the Major League home run record. It states, "as Barry Bonds builds a case as the best player ever, he also makes a run at being the most controversial and most unaccepted" (Jenkins). The most recent example was in a New York Times article regarding Mike Piazza, the catcher and slugger for the New York Mets. The article begins: "Mike Piazza, who has been playing more at first base than behind the plate these days, was honored last night for hitting more home runs as a catcher than anyone in baseball history" (Dicker). There are no mentions of Gibson, who played catcher throughout his career. His omission is his stake as the most unaccepted baseball great and his home run hitting prowess is the proof of his greatness. His exclusion from major league baseball is part of his legacy and one of the reasons his career deserves another look. Josh and His Family Come to Pittsburgh The story of Josh Gibson is one that captures the story of many African Americans in the midst of what is now known as the Great Migration. It begins in Georgia, but moves north to Pittsburgh in 1821 when his father, Mark Gibson, begins work in one of Andrew Carnegie's steel factories. After three years of saving money, he sends for the rest of his family - his wife and three children, including the 12 year old Josh. Josh Gibson and Baseball :: Sports Racism African American Essays Josh Gibson and Baseball Josh Gibson hit over 900 or 800 home runs in his career, depending on whose information you consult. His average was over .350. So why do we not hear Gibson's name mentioned in the recent discussion about baseball's best player ever that has surrounded Barry Bonds or at least as the greatest home run hitting catcher ever with Mike Piazza? This is because Josh Gibson played in the Negro Leagues. from http://baseballguru.com/jholway/analysisjholway43.html Talk of Gibson's greatness has been glaringly absent from mainstream reporting on baseball. Let me share with you three examples of this error that I have encountered recently. The first occurrence I noticed recently was in a book published to commemorate the anniversary of the Yankee Stadium. In a section entitled, "the longest home runs hit in Yankee Stadium," Gibson is omitted entirely, although some of his home runs have certainly been among the longest balls ever hit in (or out of) that stadium. The second occurrence was in a recent New York Times article about Barry Bonds and his quest for the Major League home run record. It states, "as Barry Bonds builds a case as the best player ever, he also makes a run at being the most controversial and most unaccepted" (Jenkins). The most recent example was in a New York Times article regarding Mike Piazza, the catcher and slugger for the New York Mets. The article begins: "Mike Piazza, who has been playing more at first base than behind the plate these days, was honored last night for hitting more home runs as a catcher than anyone in baseball history" (Dicker). There are no mentions of Gibson, who played catcher throughout his career. His omission is his stake as the most unaccepted baseball great and his home run hitting prowess is the proof of his greatness. His exclusion from major league baseball is part of his legacy and one of the reasons his career deserves another look. Josh and His Family Come to Pittsburgh The story of Josh Gibson is one that captures the story of many African Americans in the midst of what is now known as the Great Migration. It begins in Georgia, but moves north to Pittsburgh in 1821 when his father, Mark Gibson, begins work in one of Andrew Carnegie's steel factories. After three years of saving money, he sends for the rest of his family - his wife and three children, including the 12 year old Josh.